An Automated Market Maker (AMM) is a tool used on decentralized exchanges to allow for the automatic trading of digital assets. This is done by the use of liquidity pools rather than conventional buyer and seller markets.

In our recent article on liquidity pools, we likened automated market makers to robotic lifeguards overlooking concrete swimming pools full of fruit.

Think of an AMM as a robotic lifeguard overseeing a pool of crypto assets, enforcing mathematical rules so every trade executes fairly and instantly, no human counterparty required.

Decentralized exchanges rely on automated market makers in order to work – without AMMs we’d be stuck with the inefficient order book system of the past. Luckily for us they do exist, so we can trade around the clock without having to wait for a buyer or a seller to agree on a price.

How Does an Automated Market Maker Actually Work?

At its core, an AMM replaces the traditional order book with a mathematical formula that automatically prices assets based on the ratio of tokens in a liquidity pool.

The most common formula is the constant-product model:

> x * y = k

Where x and y are the quantities of two tokens in a pool, and k is a constant. Every trade must keep k the same, which means buying token X drives up its price as supply falls.

Example with real numbers:

Imagine a pool with 100 ETH and 300,000 USDC (k = 30,000,000). A trader buys 10 ETH. To maintain k, the pool now needs approximately 333,333 USDC — meaning the trader paid roughly $3,333 per ETH, not the original $3,000. That price impact is called slippage.

AMM Formula Types at a Glance

👉 Quick takeaway: Constant product (x*y=k) is the most widely deployed formula and works for general swaps. Concentrated liquidity dramatically improves capital efficiency for active LPs. Hybrid StableSwap models minimize slippage for pegged-asset pairs like stablecoins.

Formula Type	How It Works	Best For	Example Protocol
Constant Product `x * y = k`	Price adjusts with every trade based on pool ratio	General token swaps 🏆 Most widely deployed formula	Uniswap v2
Concentrated Liquidity	LPs set custom price ranges for capital efficiency	Active LPs, stablecoin pairs 🏆 Best capital efficiency for active LPs	Uniswap v3 / v4
Constant Sum `x + y = k`	Fixed price, zero slippage within range	Stablecoin swaps 🏆 Zero slippage within range	Curve Finance
Hybrid / StableSwap	Combines constant-sum and constant-product	Low-slippage stable pairs 🏆 Best for pegged-asset swaps	Curve, Balancer
Prop / Auction-Managed AMM	Governance or auction sets parameters dynamically	Advanced liquidity optimization ⚠️ Emerging — not yet battle-tested	Emerging protocols on Solana ⚠️ No widely adopted example yet

Understanding which formula your chosen AMM uses directly affects your returns as a liquidity provider and your costs as a trader.

How to Make Money from an Automated Market Maker

Automated Market Makers can make users money when they set up a liquidity pools on a decentralized exchange (or add liquidity to an existing pool). Whenever a trade occurs through the pools, liquidity providers earn fees.

The most famous decentralized exchange (DEX) is Uniswap v3, where liquidity providers earn a portion of the protocol’s 0.3% trading fees. A portion of 0.3%?! How can that be worthwhile?! Well, it absolutely can be.

Uniswap remains the dominant AMM by volume. To illustrate the fee opportunity: if a pool processes $500 million in 24-hour volume at a 0.3% fee tier, liquidity providers collectively earn $1.5 million per day. A provider holding 1% of that pool earns $15,000 daily — before accounting for impermanent loss. Fee tier options on Uniswap v3 range from 0.01% (stable pairs) to 1% (exotic pairs), so choosing the right tier for your asset pair is critical. In early 2026, Uniswap governance began voting to activate protocol fees across all v3 pools and expand to eight additional chains, which could redirect a portion of LP fees to the protocol treasury.

Conversely, if you add liquidity to a less popular pool then you will own a larger percentage of the pool and will receive a larger share of the rewards. Finding the absolute most profitable pool can be a real head spinner because the pools are changing constantly.

If you decide to become a liquidity provider, you can thank a robot-lifeguard (AKA an automated market maker) for enforcing the rules of the pool, thereby facilitating trading and making your sweet gains possible

AMM Platform Comparison: Which DEX Should You Use?

Not all AMMs are built the same. Your choice of platform affects trading fees, slippage, capital efficiency, and available token pairs.

👉 Quick takeaway: Uniswap v3 and v4 lead on chain coverage and active LP tooling. Curve is the go-to for stable and pegged-asset swaps. Balancer suits multi-token portfolio pools. PancakeSwap offers lower gas costs for BNB Chain users.

Platform	AMM Model	Fee Tiers	Best For	Chain(s)	Notable Feature
Uniswap v3	Concentrated Liquidity	`0.01%`, `0.05%`, `0.3%`, `1%`	Active LPs, large-cap pairs 🏆 Best for active LP management	Ethereum + 8+ L2s	Widest chain coverage Fee-switch governance active 2026 🏆 Widest chain coverage
Uniswap v4	Concentrated Liquidity + Hooks	Custom	Advanced LPs, custom logic 🏆 Most programmable AMM	Ethereum + L2s	Programmable pool hooks for custom AMM logic
Curve Finance	StableSwap Hybrid	`0.04%` typical	Stablecoin and pegged-asset swaps 🏆 Best for stable pair swaps	Ethereum + multichain	Minimal slippage on stable pairs
Balancer	Weighted Pool	`0.1%`–`3%`	Multi-token portfolio pools 🏆 Best for multi-token pools	Ethereum + L2s	Up to 8 tokens per pool, custom weights
PancakeSwap	Concentrated Liquidity	`0.01%`–`1%`	BNB Chain users, lower gas 🏆 Best for BNB Chain liquidity	BNB Chain + others	High volume on BNB Chain

How to Choose Your AMM Platform:

Trading stable pairs (USDC/USDT)? Use Curve for minimal slippage.
Providing liquidity to major pairs (ETH/USDC)? Uniswap v3 with a 0.05% or 0.3% tier.
Want lower gas fees? Uniswap is now live on Linea (zkEVM Layer 2) and multiple other L2s.
Need a multi-asset pool? Balancer supports up to 8 tokens in one pool.
On BNB Chain? PancakeSwap offers comparable liquidity with lower transaction costs.

Impermanent Loss: The Risk Every Liquidity Provider Must Understand

Impermanent loss (IL) is the difference in value between holding tokens in a wallet versus depositing them into an AMM liquidity pool. It occurs when the price ratio of your deposited tokens changes after you deposit.

Worked Example:

You deposit $5,000 worth of ETH and $5,000 worth of USDC into a pool (total: $10,000).

ETH price doubles after your deposit.
Due to the constant-product formula, arbitrageurs rebalance the pool, leaving you with less ETH and more USDC.
When you withdraw, your position is worth approximately $14,142 — but if you had simply held the tokens, you'd have $15,000.
Your impermanent loss: ~$858, or about 5.7% of your potential gains.

Impermanent Loss by Price Change: Reference Table

👉 Quick takeaway: Impermanent loss is manageable at small price moves but accelerates sharply as divergence grows. A 2x price change causes ~5.7% IL — easily covered by fees in a high-volume pool. A 10x move causes ~42.5% IL, which fees alone rarely offset.

Price Change vs. Deposit	Impermanent Loss
1.25x	🟢 ~0.6%
1.5x	🟢 ~2.0%
2x	⚠️ ~5.7%
4x	🔴 ~20.0%
10x	🔴 ~42.5% ⚠️ Fees alone rarely offset at this level

The key question: do your earned trading fees exceed your impermanent loss? For high-volume pools with stable price ratios, the answer is often yes. For volatile, low-volume pools, IL can outweigh fees significantly.

Single-sided liquidity pools (covered below) are one way to eliminate IL entirely.

What are Single-Sided Pools?

As the name suggests, single-sided liquidity pools only hold one crypto asset, which means there is no risk of impermanent loss.

Put simply, impermanent loss is where the fees you earned for providing liquidity are worth less than the gains you would have enjoyed if you had simply held the assets in your wallet and not added them to a liquidity pool in the first place.

Is adding liquidity to a single sided pool the same as ‘staking’ on centralized exchanges like Coinbase? Not really, even though it may seem similar.

When you stake an asset on a centralized exchange, you lose custody of the asset, and the centralized exchange can go and do whatever they want with it. In return, you get a yield, often a very healthy yield compared with traditional finance like your bank.

DeFi protocols across multiple chains offer single-sided liquidity options, often with competitive yields compared to centralized platforms, and without requiring you to give up custody of your crypto. Uniswap v4, now live on Ethereum and multiple Layer-2 networks including Linea (zkEVM), expands these options further with programmable pool logic via hooks. Always verify current yield figures on-chain before depositing, as rates fluctuate with pool volume and market conditions.

The Rise of AI-Assisted AMM Trading

One of the most significant shifts in the AMM landscape in 2026 is the integration of AI agents and automated trading tools that interact directly with liquidity pools.

What AI tools are doing for AMM participants:

Strategy backtesting: AI tools like MoonPay's Dawn CLI (launched May 2026 after acquiring Dawn Labs) let traders backtest LP strategies against historical pool data before committing capital.
Automated execution: Platforms like CoinMax (KuCoin) have launched transparent market-making vaults with AI-driven copy trading, allowing retail users to mirror professional LP strategies.
AI trading strategies: MEXC launched its AI Strategy product in May 2026, enabling automated execution of AMM-based trading strategies with configurable risk parameters.

For liquidity providers, these tools reduce the manual overhead of monitoring positions, rebalancing ranges (in concentrated liquidity pools), and timing entries and exits around high-volatility events.

Key consideration: AI trading tools optimize for historical patterns. In novel market conditions or during black-swan events, automated strategies can amplify losses rather than prevent them. Always maintain manual oversight of any AI-managed LP position.

AMMs and Regulation: What Traders Need to Know

Regulators are paying increasing attention to AMMs, particularly as they intersect with tokenized securities and institutional finance.

In March 2026, SIFMA submitted written input to the SEC's Crypto Task Force specifically addressing automated market makers and calling for consistent application of securities market regulations to AMM-based trading venues. The core regulatory question: should an AMM that facilitates trading of tokenized securities be treated as an exchange, a broker-dealer, or an alternative trading system under existing securities law?

The SEC's emerging approach appears to be function-based regulation — meaning the regulatory treatment of an AMM depends on what it does (facilitates securities trading) rather than the technology it uses (smart contracts, liquidity pools).

What this means for AMM participants:

AMMs dealing exclusively in non-securities crypto assets (BTC, ETH, most DeFi tokens) are not currently the primary focus of this regulatory push.
AMMs that facilitate trading of tokenized real-world assets (tokenized stocks, bonds, real estate) may face exchange registration requirements.
The regulatory landscape is still evolving — no final rules have been issued as of mid-2026.

For most retail DeFi users, this regulatory development is a medium-term consideration rather than an immediate constraint. However, institutional participants building AMM-based products for tokenized securities should monitor the SEC Crypto Task Force closely.

How to Get Started as an AMM Liquidity Provider

Ready to provide liquidity to an AMM? Here is a practical walkthrough using Uniswap v3 as the example.

Step 1: Set up a self-custody wallet

Download MetaMask or a compatible Web3 wallet. Never use an exchange wallet for DeFi — you need direct control of your private keys.

Step 2: Acquire the tokens you want to provide

For a standard Uniswap v3 pool, you need two tokens (e.g., ETH and USDC) in equal dollar values. For single-sided pools, you only need one token.

Step 3: Choose your pool and fee tier

Navigate to app.uniswap.org and select 'Pool' then 'New Position'. Choose your token pair and fee tier:

0.01% for stable pairs (USDC/USDT)
0.05% for correlated pairs (ETH/stETH)
0.3% for standard pairs (ETH/USDC)
1% for exotic/volatile pairs

Step 4: Set your price range (concentrated liquidity)

Uniswap v3 lets you concentrate your liquidity within a specific price range for higher capital efficiency. A narrower range earns more fees per dollar but requires more active management.

Step 5: Approve and deposit

Approve the token spend in your wallet, then confirm the deposit transaction. You will receive an NFT representing your LP position.

Step 6: Monitor and rebalance

Check your position regularly. If the price moves outside your range, you stop earning fees. You can either widen your range or withdraw and re-enter at current prices.

Estimated gas cost: Providing liquidity on Ethereum mainnet typically costs $10-50 in gas. On Layer-2 networks like Linea (now supported by Uniswap), gas costs are a fraction of that.

AMM Frequently Asked Questions

What is the difference between an AMM and an order book exchange?

An order book exchange (like Binance or Coinbase) matches buyers and sellers at agreed prices. An AMM uses a mathematical formula and a liquidity pool to price and execute trades automatically, with no counterparty required. Trades execute instantly at any hour without waiting for a matching order.

Can you lose money providing liquidity to an AMM?

Yes. The two primary risks are impermanent loss (explained above) and smart contract risk. Impermanent loss can exceed earned fees in volatile markets. Smart contract bugs, though rare on audited protocols, can result in total loss of deposited funds.

What is a fee switch in AMM governance?

A fee switch is a governance mechanism that, when activated, redirects a portion of trading fees from liquidity providers to the protocol treasury or token holders. Uniswap governance voted in early 2026 to consider activating the fee switch across all v3 pools and eight additional chains, which would reduce LP fee income but generate revenue for the protocol.

What are Prop AMMs?

Proprietary or Proposition AMMs (Prop AMMs) are newer AMM designs where parameters like fee rates, price ranges, or liquidity distribution are set by governance votes or auction mechanisms rather than fixed formulas. Gate Research has highlighted Prop AMM proposals on Solana as a potential liquidity revitalization strategy.

Are AMMs safe to use?

Established AMMs like Uniswap, Curve, and Balancer have been audited and have processed trillions in cumulative volume. However, newer or unaudited AMM protocols carry significantly higher smart contract risk. Always verify audits before depositing funds.

Automated Market Maker (AMM) Explained